12-Lead ECG & Vectorcardiography

Project a synthetic cardiac vector into ECG leads, inspect frontal QRS axis, and compare calibrated public PTB ECG recordings.

Chapter 7
ECG
VCG
PTB measured data

Sampling

512 samples/beat

Net QRS area axis

58.0°

Max Einthoven residual

0.000000 mV

Max augmented sum

0.000000 mV

Lead I

Lead II

Lead III

III

Lead aVR

aVR

Lead aVL

aVL

Lead aVF

aVF

Lead V1

Lead V2

Lead V3

Lead V4

Lead V5

Lead V6

Frontal vectorcardiogram (geometric coordinates)

Model scope

Synthetic heart vector and chest projections are phenomenological mV-equivalent coordinates, not anatomical torso lead fields or a propagation solution. Recorded PTB signals are from one public myocardial-infarction record, not a normal-heart benchmark. Lead identities are tautological for synthetic derived leads; recorded residuals include ADC quantization. No diagnosis is computed.

Preparing the simulation…

Conceptual bridges & related modules

QRS Detection & HRV Analyzer
companion · Chapter 7
Distinguish waveform-generation assumptions from beat-detection and interval errors.